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1!Influence Of Immigration Policy On The Demographic Challenges Facing Japan Today
The population decline and aging, which mainly cause a decline in the workforce as a fundamental element of economic growth, are one of the most urgent demographic issues facing Japan today (Lam, 2009). At present, Japan has an elderly population aged 65 or over, accounting for 28 percent, and has entered a super-aging society since 2007, in other words, one out of every four Japanese is an elderly person (Green, 2017), and by 2030, one in three people will be aged 65 or older (Muramatsu and Akiyama, 2011). Furthermore, Low fertility refers to a phenomenon in which the fertility rate falls below the fertility rate required for population maintenance. Japan has had a declining fertility rate for the 37th consecutive year since 1980 (Jiji, 2018). The birth rate in 2018 has been
at a record low for the past century and is less than a million for the past three years (McCurry, 2018). An aging society and low fertility do not simply mean an increase in the number of elderly people and a decline in total population. These problems mean huge economic and social changes that can change adversely the way of life in various aspects such as production, culture, and economy especially for labour forces (Coulmas, 2008; Lam, 2009; Muramatsu and Akiyama, 2011). To solve these problems, the government has carried out various efforts such as, raising the retirement age, womenomics, childcare systems that encourage economic growth and promote the economic participation rate of female and the elderly (Colacelli and Corugedo, 2018). Additionally, as one of the solutions, immigration policy which has been opposed by the belief in the single ethnicity of Japanese society, is now a major issue between the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and the opposition parties as well as the Japanese society.